In a worrying first for India, the bird flu virus (H5N1) has been found in pet cats in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh. This raises concerns as scientists are worried the virus could change in mammals, which might make it a danger to humans. While H5N1 mostly affects birds, experts warn that it could change in a way that lets it spread to mammals, including humans.

On February 28, the Health Ministry confirmed that the bird flu virus was found in three pet cats in Chhindwara. This came after reports from a live bird market in the district on January 31, 2025. Chhindwara, near Nagpur, had also seen the deaths of big cats from bird flu in December 2024.

Recent studies have shown that domestic cats can be affected by the bird flu virus, a surprising finding for many pet owners. The bird flu virus, known for primarily infecting birds, has started to pose a risk to other animals, including cats. This emerging concern has raised alarm among veterinarians, as domestic cats are not typically associated with the virus.

The study, which analyzed samples from seven cats from the same household, revealed that these felines had been exposed to the H5N1 strain of the bird flu virus. 

The findings indicated that the cats showed mild symptoms, including fever and respiratory distress, similar to those of humans with the virus. Researchers believe that the cats contracted the virus through close contact with infected poultry, which was confirmed in the household.

While the risk of domestic cats contracting the bird flu virus remains low, pet owners should remain cautious, especially if they live where the virus has been detected in wild birds. Monitoring your cat's health and seeking veterinary care immediately if any flu-like symptoms appear is crucial.

Now, many people have general questions in their minds;

What Is Avian Influenza Virus?

Bird flu, or avian influenza, is a viral infection primarily affecting birds, but it can sometimes be transmitted to mammals, including cats. The H5N1 strain of the virus is particularly dangerous due to its high mortality rate, and it has raised concerns about how it may affect pets like cats. 

While cases of bird flu virus in cats are rare, pet owners need to understand the symptoms and take the necessary precautions.

The H5N1 strain has been primarily observed in birds, but it can sometimes jump to mammals, especially in areas with large virus outbreaks among poultry. Cats with direct contact with infected birds or their droppings may be at risk of contracting the disease. 

Currently, there have been a few reported cases of bird flu virus in cats, and the virus can spread through contaminated surfaces or direct contact with infected animals.

Symptoms of Bird Flu in Cats

If a cat is infected with H5N1, it may show symptoms similar to a common respiratory infection. Symptoms of bird flu virus in cats can include:

  • Fever
  • Loss of appetite
  • Coughing and sneezing
  • Nasal discharge
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Lethargy

In severe cases, the virus can lead to more serious complications, such as organ failure and death. If your cat displays any of these symptoms, it is crucial to seek veterinary care immediately.

While bird flu in cats is still considered rare, the virus threatens both domestic and wild feline populations, especially in areas where bird flu outbreaks are prevalent. Pet owners should avoid letting their cats roam in areas with high bird populations, particularly during poultry outbreaks.

How the Virus Spreads

H5N1 can spread through direct contact or contaminated surfaces, from infected birds to cats. Infected birds shed the virus in their droppings, saliva, and respiratory secretions. Cats may become infected if they contact with these fluids or the contaminated environment. It is essential to keep cats indoors during outbreaks to reduce the risk of exposure.

More Cases in Cats, More Risk to Humans

Some pet owners feed their cats raw meat or unpasteurized milk, believing it to be a more nutritious or natural diet. However, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) strongly discourages this practice due to foodborne pathogens like salmonella, listeria, and the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. These pathogens can significantly affect pets and potentially pose a risk to humans.

By maintaining pets' health, veterinarians play a crucial role in preventing the transmission of zoonotic diseases, including bird flu. The AVMA acknowledges that while the risk of H5N1 spilling over from a pet to a person is "extremely low, but not zero," it remains a concern. State and local public health agencies, including those in Los Angeles County and Washington state, have echoed these warnings against feeding pets raw food diets.

Chances for Mutation in H5N1 and the Risk to Humans

One of the major concerns surrounding the current H5N1 outbreak is the potential for mutation. Bird flu viruses, including H5N1, are known to change over time. Even a small mutation could make this strain more adept at spreading between people. The more humans infected with H5N1, the higher the chances that the virus will adapt and become more efficient in human-to-human transmission. Suresh Kuchipudi, a virologist at the University of Pittsburgh who has studied H5N1 in cats, explains that this is one of the biggest risks we face with the virus.

Another critical concern is a phenomenon called reassortment. This occurs when an animal or person is infected with two different viruses simultaneously, allowing the viruses to trade genetic material. This can create a completely new virus. Reassortment is common in influenza viruses, and scientists are particularly vigilant about this possibility with H5N1, as it could lead to a far more contagious and potentially more dangerous virus.

While reassortment events are rare, they have historically led to significant global health crises. For example, the 1918 flu pandemic, which killed an estimated 50 million people, likely resulted from a reassignment event between an avian virus and a human virus. Scientists have since established a global surveillance network to monitor influenza viruses, and continued investment in this network is essential for preventing future pandemics.

The question of whether cats can get bird flu has become more relevant as scientists study the spread of the virus to different species. Virologist Rasmussen is particularly concerned about the potential for reassortment in pigs, as their respiratory systems are more similar to humans' than cats' are. While the current H5N1 outbreak has not yet reached commercial hog operations, Rasmussen emphasizes the importance of continued vigilance.

A reassortment in cats, though possible, is unlikely because cats do not commonly get seasonal flu. However, it is more probable that a cat infected with H5N1 could pass the virus to a human with the seasonal flu, potentially leading to a reassortment in the human. While the risk is not zero, it remains low, and experts like Rasmussen believe that it would take significant virus shedding by the cat and close contact for this to occur.

Rasmussen and Kuchipudi also note that there isn't enough research to definitively determine how much virus cats shed or how they spread it. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had planned to release a new study on H5N1 in cats, but the release was delayed. A previous investigation revealed that house cats in the U.S. likely contracted bird flu from infected dairy workers.

Preparing Pakistan for Potential H5N1 Spread from India

Given the recent findings of mutated H5N1 bird flu strains in domestic cats in India, it's understandable to worry about the virus making its way to Pakistan, especially considering the proximity of the two countries. However, it's important to remember that migratory patterns and animal movements across borders are monitored as part of ongoing surveillance efforts. Pakistani health authorities are likely on alert, given the history of H5N1 in the region, and would be keeping a close eye on developments. It’s crucial for both countries to collaborate on these efforts to ensure any risk is managed effectively. With proactive measures and vigilant monitoring, the situation can be kept under control, preventing any alarming spread into Pakistan.

Dogs Seem to Fare Better with H5N1

According to the FDA, domesticated animals, including dogs, can contract bird flu infections. However, there have been no confirmed cases of H5N1 among dogs in the U.S. While dogs in other countries have died from the virus, they seem to fare better overall compared to other animals, such as cats.

There is still some debate and a lack of research on whether cats are more susceptible to H5N1 than other mammals like humans, pigs, or dogs. However, cat behaviors, such as their tendency to hunt wild birds and consume dairy, put them at higher risk. Additionally, feral cat colonies in the U.S. may increase their exposure to the virus, as there are far more feral cats than stray dogs.

How Can H5N1 Infection Be Prevented in Cats?

Currently, there is no vaccine available to protect cats against H5N1. However, cat owners and caretakers can take several precautions to help keep their pets safe from the virus. Following these steps can significantly reduce the risk of H5N1 infection:

  • Avoid Dairy and Raw Meat: Do not feed cats unpasteurized dairy products or colostrum, as they could contain the virus. Additionally, thoroughly cook meat before feeding it to your cat, and avoid giving raw meat-based treats or diets.
  • Keep Cats Indoors: To prevent exposure to infected birds and other wildlife, it's best to keep your cat indoors. Wild birds are primary carriers of the H5N1 virus, and outdoor cats are more likely to contact infected animals.
  • Limit Contact with Sick or Dead Animals: Avoid contact with sick or dead birds and wildlife, as these animals may carry H5N1. This also applies to other animals that may be infected, such as poultry and livestock.
  • Protect Cats from Livestock and Poultry: Keep your cat away from livestock and poultry, especially in areas where H5N1 outbreaks are known to occur. If you live in or near such areas, be extra cautious.
  • Prevent Interaction with Captive Big Cats and Birds: If you care for captive big cats, minimize their exposure to wild birds. Cover enclosures with netting and remove bird attractants nearby to reduce the risk of H5N1 transmission.
  • Practice Good Hygiene: Always wash your hands thoroughly after handling your cat or after any contact with poultry, livestock, or wild birds. Changing your clothes and shoes and cleaning any exposed skin after interacting with sick or dead animals is also important.
  • Disinfect Your Shoes: If you walk near bird feeders or places where birds gather, change your shoes or disinfect their soles before entering your home. This helps prevent bringing any virus-laden contaminants into your living space.
  • Immediate Veterinary Care: If you notice any signs of H5N1 in your cat, or if you suspect your cat may have been exposed to the virus, contact your veterinarian immediately. Early detection and treatment can make a big difference.

By following these simple yet effective precautions, you can help protect your cat from the dangers of H5N1. Although a vaccine is not currently available, these preventive measures are the best way to reduce the risk of infection and keep your pet safe.